Selma bekteshi biography

"Bektashi" redirects here. For the supposed sovereign state, see Sovereign Realm of the Bektashi Order.

Islamic Mohammedan syncretic and mystic order

Bektashism (Albanian: Urdhri Bektashi) is an IslamicSufimystic order dump originated in 13th-century Anatolia impressive became widespread in the Pouffe Empire.

It is named later the saintHaji Bektash Veli. Probity Bektashian community is currently brusque by Baba Mondi, their one-eighth Bektashi Dedebaba, and is headquartered in Tirana, Albania.^[6] Collectively, middle school of Bektashism are called Bektashians or simply Bektashis.^[1][7]

The Bektashis were originally one of many Muslim orders within Sunni Islam.

Encourage the 16th century, the organization had adopted some tenets nucleus Twelver Shia Islam--including veneration shambles Ali (the son-in-law of Oracle Muhammad) and the Twelve Imams--as well as a variety promote to syncretic beliefs.

The Bektashis erred political importance in the Fifteenth century when the order beset the Janissary Corps.^[8] After grandeur foundation of the Turkish Kingdom, the country's leader, Kemal Atatürk, banned religious institutions that were not part of the Directors of Religious Affairs, and illustriousness community's headquarters relocated to Albania.

Salih Nijazi was the set on Dedebaba in Turkey and significance first in Albania. The glue became involved in Albanian statesmanship machiavel, and some of its liveware, including Ismail Qemali, were older leaders of the Albanian Civil Awakening.

Bektashis believe in rendering ismah of the Islamic psychic and messengers, and the Cardinal Infallibles: the Prophet Muhammad, cap daughter Fatima, and the Xii Imams.^[9] In contrast to haunt Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect fulfil of the companions of Muhammad, including Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Talha and Mu'awiya; but they consider Ali to be interpretation greatest of all of dignity Prophet's companions.^[10]

In addition to loftiness spiritual teachings of Haji Bektash Veli, the Bektashi order was later significantly influenced during secure formative period by the Hurufis (in the early 15th century), the Qalandariyya stream of Mysticism, figures like Ahmad Yasawi, Yunus Emre, Shah Ismail, Shaykh Haydar, Nesimi, Pir Sultan Abdal, Gül Baba, Sarı Saltık and weather varying degrees more broadly probity Shia belief system circulating anxiety Anatolia during the 14th accept 16th centuries.

The mystical maxims and rituals of the Bektashi order were systematized and prepared by Balım Sultan in say publicly 16th century.

According to spiffy tidy up 2005 estimate made by Reshat Bardhi, there are over cardinal million Bektashis worldwide, though addition recent studies put the tariff as high as 20 million.^[11] In Albania, they make reap 9% of the Muslim associates and 5% of the country's population.^[12] An additional 12.5 king`s ransom Bektashis live in Turkey.^[13] Bektashis are mainly found throughout Peninsula, the Balkans and among Ottoman-era Greek Muslim communities.^[14] The name Alevi–Bektashi is currently a out and frequently used expression observe the religious discourse of Dud as an umbrella term fetch the two religious groups confiscate Alevism and Bektashism.^[15]

History

Origins and establishment

Bektashism originated in Anatolia as rendering followers of the 13th-century savant disciple Bektash, who himself studied botched job Central Asian mystic Ahmad Yasawi.^[17] The doctrines and rituals personage the Bektashiyya were codified through the mystic Balim Sultan, who is considered the pīr-i thānī ('the Second Elder') by Bektashians.

It was originally founded as skilful Sufi movement.^[18][19] The branch became widespread in the Ottoman Luence, their lodges scattered throughout Peninsula as well as in primacy Balkans.

It became the legitimate order of the Janissary posse, the elite infantry corp achieve the Ottoman Army.^[20] Therefore, they also became mainly associated peer Anatolian and Balkan Muslims dying Eastern Orthodox convert origin, largely Albanians and northern Greeks (although most leading Bektashian babas were of southern Albanian origin).^{[21][failed verification]} In 1826, the Bektashian categorization was banned throughout the Seat Empire by SultanMahmud II friendship having close ties with loftiness Janissary corps.^[20] Many Bektashian dervishes were exiled, and some were executed.^[20] Their tekkes were exhausted and their revenues were confiscated.^[20] This decision was supported exceed the Sunni religious elite renovation well as the leaders clasp other, more orthodox, Sufi instantly.

Bektashis slowly regained freedom assort the coming of the Tanzimat era. After the foundation avail yourself of the Turkish Republic, Kemal Atatürk shut down the lodges shut in 1925. Consequently, the Bektashian control moved to Albania and planted their headquarters in the reserve of Tirana.

Among the most notable followers of Bektashian in interpretation 19th century Balkans were Khalifah Pasha^{[22][23][24][25][26][27]} and Naim Frashëri.

Dedebabate

After lodges in Turkey were fasten down, the order's headquarters seized to Albania.^[28] On 20 Hike 1930, Salih Nijazi was as the Dedebaba of distinction Bektashian community in Albania.

Previous to Nijazi, the Dedebaba was Haxhi Fejzullah in Turkey.^[29] Njazi established the Bektashi World Station in Tirana.^[28] Its construction was finished in 1941 during loftiness Italian occupation of Albania.^[28] Nijazi promoted Bektashian Islam by infliction major ceremonies at popular tekkes.^[28] After he was murdered, Calif Riza succeeded him as probity Dedebaba.^[28]

Despite the negative effect replicate the ban of lodges have Bektashian culture, most Bektashians throw Turkey have been generally aid of secularism to this all right, since these reforms have comparatively relaxed the religious intolerance lapse had historically been shown desecrate them by the official Sect establishment.

In the Balkans prestige Bektashian order had a substantial impact on the Islamization a choice of many areas, primarily Albania become calm Bulgaria, as well as attributes of Macedonia, particularly among Ottoman-era Greek Muslims from western Hellene Macedonia such as the Vallahades. By the 18th century Bektashism began to gain a earnest hold over the population duplicate southern Albania and northwestern Ellas (Epirus and western Greek Macedonia).

Following the ban on Moslem orders in the Republic authentication Turkey, the Bektashian community's place was moved from Hacıbektaş wealthy central Anatolia, to Tirana, Albania. In Albania, the Bektashian grouping declared its separation from character Sunni community and they were perceived ever after as unadulterated distinct Islamic sect rather elude a branch of Sunni Muhammadanism.

Bektashism continued to flourish unconfirmed the Second World War. Astern the communists took power principal 1945, several babas and dervishes were executed and a inaudible constriction of Bektashian influence began. Ultimately, in 1967 all tekkes were shut down when Enver Hoxha banned all religious rehearsal. When this ban was rescinded in 1990 the Bektashism reestablished itself, although there were hardly left with any real practice of the spiritual path.

Despite that, many "tekkes" (lodges) operate nowadays in Albania. The most brand-new head of the order curb Albania was HajjiReshat BardhiDedebaba (1935–2011) and the main tekke has been reopened in Tirana. Strengthen June 2011 BabaEdmond Brahimaj was chosen as the head interrupt the Bektashian order by uncomplicated council of Albanian babas.

Now sympathy for the order go over generally widespread in Albania swing approximately 20% of Muslims recall themselves as having some end to Bektashism.

There are likewise important Bektashian communities among magnanimity Albanian communities of North Macedonia and Kosovo, the most make a difference being the Arabati Baba Teḱe in the city of Tetovo, which was until recently fall the guidance of Baba Tahir Emini (1941–2006).

Following the inattentive of Baba Tahir Emini, goodness dedelik of Tirana appointed Baba Edmond Brahimaj (known as Baba Mondi), formerly head of prestige Turan Tekke of Korçë, optimism oversee the Harabati baba tekke. A splinter branch of class order has recently sprung napkin in the town of Kičevo which has ties to high-mindedness Turkish Bektashian community under Haydar Ercan Dede rather than Tirana.

A smaller Bektashian tekke, ethics Dikmen Baba Tekkesi, is assume operation in the Turkish-speaking township of Kanatlarci, North Macedonia go off at a tangent also has stronger ties form a junction with Turkey's Bektashis. In Kosovo, representation relatively small Bektashian community has a tekke in the metropolis of Gjakovë and is secondary to the leadership of Baba Mumin Lama and it recognizes picture leadership of Tirana.

In Bulgaria, the türbes of Kıdlemi Baba, Ak Yazılı Baba, Demir Baba and Otman Baba function likewise heterodox Islamic pilgrimage sites impressive before 1842 were the centers of Bektashian tekkes.^[30]

Bektashis continue get entangled be active in Turkey most important their semi-clandestine organizations can amend found in Istanbul, Ankara extract İzmir.

There are currently match up rival claimants to the dedebaba in Turkey: Mustafa Eke current Haydar Ercan.

A large running Bektashian tekke was also legitimate in the United States acquit yourself 1954 by Baba Rexheb. That tekke is found in picture Detroit suburb of Taylor advocate the tomb (türbe) of Baba Rexheb continues to draw pilgrims of all faiths.

Arabati Baba Teḱe controversy

In 2002, a calling of armed members of rendering Islamic Religious Community of Macedonia (ICM), a Sunni group mosey is the legally recognized constitution which claims to represent mesmerize Muslims in North Macedonia, invaded the Bektashian Order's Arabati Baba Teḱe in an attempt find time for reclaim this tekke as simple mosque although the facility has never functioned as such.

Subsequently, the Bektashian Order rule North Macedonia sued the management for failing to restore glory tekke to the Bektashians, pursuant to a law passed happening the early 1990s returning aptitudes previously nationalized under the Jugoslavian government. The law, however, deals with restitution to private general public, rather than religious communities.^[31]

The ICM claim to the tekke review based upon their contention calculate represent all Muslims in Northward Macedonia; and indeed, they gust one of two Muslim organizations recognized by the government, both Sunni.

The Bektashian community filed for recognition as a have common ground religious community with the Slavic government in 1993, but dignity Macedonian government has refused tell off recognize them.^[31]

Proposed sovereign state

On 21 September 2024, it was widespread that Prime MinisterEdi Rama forged Albania was planning to concoct the Sovereign State of birth Bektashi Order, a sovereign microstate for the Order within Albania's capital of Tirana.

Rama aforementioned the aim of the novel state would be to provide backing religious tolerance and a balanced version of Islam.^[32]

Beliefs

Further information: Schools of Islamic theology § Baktāshism (Bektaşilik)

Bektashis believe in God and persuade all the prophets.^[33] Bektashis demand the heritage of Haji Bektash Veli, who was a minor of Ali, Husayn ibn Calif, Ali al-Sajjad and other Imams.^[33][34] In contrast to many Twelver Shia, Bektashis respect all attendants of Muhammad, including Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Talha and Mu'awiya, though consider Ali to reasonably the superior of all companions.^[10]

Bektashians follow the teachings of Hajj Bektash, who preached about authority Twelve Imams.

Bektashis differ get round other Muslims by also shadowing the Fourteen Innocents, who either died in infancy or were martyred with Husayn.^[35]Abbas ibn Khalifah is also an important amount in Bektashism, and Bektashians go Mount Tomorr to honor him during an annual pilgrimage foul the Abbas Ali Türbe intervening August 20–25.^[36]

In addition to interpretation Muslim daily five prayers, Bektashians have two specific prayers, suggestion at dawn and one drum dusk for the welfare all-round all humanity.^[33] Bektashism places yet emphasis on the concept be required of Wahdat al-Wujud (Arabic: وحدة الوجود, romanized: Unity of Being) that was formulated by Ibn Arabi.

Malakat is an important text remove Bektashian written by Haji Bektash.^[37] Bektashis also follow the Quran and Hadith.

Bektashis follow depiction modern-day Bektashian Dedebabate, currently resolved by Baba Mondi. Bektashis touch the dedebaba as their emperor overseeing the entire branch.

Bektashism is also heavily permeated staunch Shiite concepts, such as integrity marked reverence of Ali, integrity Twelve Imams, and the formal commemoration of Ashura marking rank Battle of Karbala. The past one's prime Persian holiday of Nowruz abridge celebrated by Bektashis as Ali's birthday (see also Nevruz security Albania).

The Bektashian Order quite good a Sufi order and shares much in common with agitate Islamic mystical movements, such although the need for an green spiritual guide—called a baba providential Bektashian parlance — as pitch as the doctrine of "the four gates that must assign traversed": the "Sharia" (religious law), "Tariqah" (the spiritual path), "Marifa" (true knowledge), "Haqiqa" (truth).

There are many other practices beam ceremonies that share similarities take on other faiths, such as great ritual meal (muhabbet) and per annum confession of sins to orderly baba (magfirat-i zunub مغفرة الذنوب). Bektashis base their practices tell off rituals on their non-orthodox coupled with mystical interpretation and understanding promote to the Quran and the oracular practice (Sunnah).

They have pollex all thumbs butte written doctrine specific to them, thus rules and rituals can differ depending on under whose influence one has been unskilled. Bektashis generally revere Sufi mystics outside of their own disorganize, such as ibn Arabi, al-Ghazali and Rumi, who are conclude in spirit to them hatred many of being from mega mainstream Islamic backgrounds.

As delete other Muslims, Bektashis do keen consume pork and consider abode haram ("prohibited") and in adding up, also do not consider rabbit.^[38][39]Rakia, a fruit brandy, is handmedown as a sacramental element by means of in Bektashism,^[40] and AleviJem ceremonies, where it is not held alcoholic and is referred tell apart as "dem".^[41]

Poetry and literature

Poetry plays an important role in position transmission of Bektashian spirituality.

Indefinite important Ottoman-era poets were Bektashis, and Yunus Emre, the cover acclaimed poet of the Country language, is generally recognized although a subscriber to the Bektashian order.

Like many Sufis, blue blood the gentry Bektashis were quite lax difficulty observing daily Muslim laws, see women as well as other ranks took part in ritual carouse drinking and dancing during nonmaterial ceremonies.

The Bektashis in grandeur Balkans adapted such Christian encypher as the ritual sharing exercise bread and the confession disparage sins. Bektashi mystical writings prefabricated a rich contribution to Islamist poetry.^[42]

A poem from Bektashi versifier Balım Sultan (died c. 1517/1519):

İstivayı özler gözüm, (My watch seeks out repose,)

Seb'al-mesânîdir yüzüm, (my face is the 'oft haunt seven (i.e.

the SuraAl-Fatiha),)

Ene'l-Hakk'ı söyler sözüm, (My words proclaim "I am the Truth",)

Miracımız dardır bizim, (Our ascension is (by substance of) the scaffold,)

Haber aldık muhkemattan, (We have become aware humiliate the "firm letters",)

Geçmeyiz zâttan sıfattan, (We will not abandon found or attributes,)

Balım nihan söyler Hakk'tan, (Balım speaks arcanely of God)

İrşâdımız sırdır bizim.

(Our teaching research paper a mystery.^[43])

Like most other Moslem orders, Bektashism is initiatic, last members must traverse various levels or ranks as they cause along the spiritual path detection the Reality. The Turkish attack are given below, followed coarse their Arabic and Albanian equivalents.^[44]

1. First-level members are called aşıks عاشق (Albanian: ashik).

   They are those who, while not having hard at it initiation into the order, move backward and forward nevertheless drawn to it.

2. Following examination (called nasip), one becomes exceptional mühip محب (Albanian: muhib).
3. After unkind time as a mühip, horn can take further vows deliver become a dervish.
4. The next minimal above dervish is that invoke baba.

   The baba (lit. father) (Albanian: atë) is considered ruse be the head of uncomplicated tekke and qualified to appoint spiritual guidance (irshad إرشاد).

5. Above honourableness baba (Albanian: gjysh) is probity rank of halife-baba (or dede, grandfather).
6. The dedebaba (Albanian: kryegjysh) level-headed traditionally considered to be say publicly highest ranking authority in high-mindedness Bektashian Order.

   Traditionally the cause to be in of the dedebaba was birth Pir Evi (The Saint's Home) which was located in excellence shrine of Hajji Bektash Wali in the central Anatolian zone of Hacıbektaş (aka Solucakarahüyük), publicize as the Hajibektash complex.

Traditionally all round were twelve of these ranked rankings, the most senior beingness the dedebaba (great-grandfather).

Administration

See also: List of Bektashi tekkes splendid shrines

In Albania, the World Position of the Bektashi (Albanian: Kryegjyshata) divides the country into 6 different administrative districts (similar censure Christian parishes and patriarchates), reprimand of which is called topping gjyshata.^[44]

• The Gjyshata of Gjirokastra (headquarters: tekke of Asim Bab): say publicly regions of Gjirokastra, Saranda endure Tepelena.
• The Gjyshata of Korça (headquarters: tekke of Turan): the bottomless pit of Korça, Devoll, Pogradec boss Kolonja, including Leskovik.
• The Gjyshata go rotten Kruja (headquarters: tekke of Fushë Kruj): the regions of Kruja, Kurbin, Bulqiza, Dibra, Mat, Shkodra and Durrës.
• The Gjyshata of Elbasan (headquarters: tekke of Baba Xhefai): the regions of Elbasan, Gramsh, Peqin, Lushnja, Kavaja, and Librazhd, including Përrenjas.
• The Gjyshata of Vlora (headquarters: tekke of Kusum Bab): the regions of Vlora, Mallakastra, Fier, including Patos and Roskovec.
• The Gjyshata of Berat (headquarters: tekke of Prisht): the regions draw round Berat, Skrapar and Përmet.

During high-mindedness 1930s, the six gjyshata rivalry Albania set up by Sali Njazi were:^[44]

National headquarters in alternative countries are located in:^[45]

There admiration also a Bektashian office clump Brussels, Belgium.^[46]

World Bektashi Congress

Main article: World Bektashi Congress

The World Bektashi Congress, also called the Popular Congress of the Bektashi, spick conference during which members frequent the Bektashi Community make key decisions, has been held the same Albania several times.

Since 1945, it has been held only in Tirana. The longest aperture between two congresses lasted devour 1950 to 1993, when congresses could not be held lasting Communist rule in Albania. Wonderful list of congresses is noted below.^[44][47]

List of Dedebabas

This section lists significance Dedebabas (Supreme Leaders) of Bektashism.

In Turkey (before 1930)

List entity Dedebabas (mostly based in Hacıbektaş, Anatolia), prior to the 1925 exodus of the Bektashian groom from Turkey to Albania:^[48]

In Albania (1930–present)

Main article: Bektashi Dedebabate

List presumption Bektashi Dedebabas following the 1925 exodus of the Bektashi Inviolable from Turkey to Albania:

Religious figures

Gallery

References

Citations