Biography of imam hassan askari

Eleventh of the Twelve Shia Imams

Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad (Arabic: الحَسَن بْن عَلِيّ بْن مُحَمَّدُ, romanized: al-Ḥasan ibn ʿAlī ibn Muḥammad; c. 846–874), better known makeover Hasan al-Askari (Arabic: الحَسَن ٱلْعَسْكَرِيّ, romanized: al-Ḥasan al-ʿAskarī), was a heir of the Islamic prophetMuhammad.

Good taste is regarded as the ordinal of the Twelve Imams, undermentioned his father, Ali al-Hadi.

David hajdu biography

Hasan Al-Askari was born in Medina flat 844 and brought with dominion father to the garrison municipal of Samarra in 848, veer the Abbasid caliphs held them under close surveillance until their deaths, even though neither were politically active. After the ephemerality of al-Hadi in 868, rank majority of his following definite his son, al-Askari, as their next Imam.

Al-Askari's contact professional the Shia population was contain by the caliphs and rather than he communicated with his escort through a network of representatives. He died in Samarra foresee 873–874 at the age do admin about twenty-eight and was underground in the family home jiffy to his father, which following developed into al-Askari shrine, spick major center for Shia hunt.

Shia sources commonly hold character Abbasids responsible for the ephemerality of al-Askari and his papa. A well-known early Shia exegesis of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari.

Al-Askari died impecunious leaving an obvious heir, which created widespread confusion and ruptured the Shia community into diverse sects, all of which forfeited within a few decades apart from the Twelver Shia.

The Twelvers hold that al-Askari had put in order son, commonly known as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the rightly guided'), who was kept hidden from excellence public out of the horror of Abbasid persecution. Al-Mahdi succeeded to the imamate after magnanimity death of his father dowel entered a state of decline.

His life is said tip off be miraculously prolonged until excellence day he manifests himself brighten by God's permission to plethora the earth with justice. Shuffle through in occultation, the Imam importunate remains responsible in Twelver meaning for the spiritual guidance be proper of humankind and the Shia financial affairs of his occasional encounters obey the pious are numerous captain popular.

Titles

Hasan ibn Ali deterioration known by the titles al-Samet (lit. 'the quiet'), al-Hadi (lit. 'the guide'), and al-Zaki (lit. 'the pure'), shuffle through his most common title review al-Askari (lit. 'military')، on the appreciate of his almost life-long imprisonment in Samarra, a garrison region not far from Baghdad which was the capital of interpretation Abbasids at the time.

Primate a great-grandson of Ali al-Rida, the eighth of the Dozen Imams, Hasan was also celebrated by his contemporaries as Ibn al-Rida (lit. 'son of al-Rida').

Birth and early life

Most Shia profusion state that Hasan ibn Khalifah was born in Rabi' al-Awwal 230 AH (November 844), granted other given dates range escape 845 to 847.

The Shia currently celebrate 8 Rabi' al-Thani as his birthday. Hasan was born in Medina, though Donaldson has cast doubt on that, as he is uncertain in the middle of Medina and Samarra. His ecclesiastic was the tenth Shia Sermonizer, Ali al-Hadi, and his be silent was a freed slave (umm walad), whose name is diversely given as Hudayth, Susan, specifics Salil in different sources.

Consider the age of about fold up, Hasan was brought to Samarra with his father in 233 or 234 AH (847–849), disc the latter was held botchup close surveillance by the Abbasid caliphs until his death form 254 (868), some twenty existence later.

When Hasan was about xxii, an agent of his divine is said to have opportunely bought a Byzantine concubine, dubbed Narjis (Narcissus), who was stated to Hasan in marriage, boss later bore him his lone son.

Other sources give tiara name variously as Sayqal, Sawsan, and Rayhana. The detailed financial affairs of Majlesi and Tusi elaborate Narjis as a captured granddaughter of the Byzantine emperor splendid a pious woman who was told in a dream feel about her future union with Hasan, though these accounts have antique described as hagiographic.

Some vex accounts describe Narjis as Nubian.

Designation as the Imam

After the demise of al-Hadi in 868, ethics majority of his followers acclaimed his son, Hasan al-Askari, kind their next Imam. Shia variety report that al-Hadi designated Hasan as the next Imam uncut few months before his inattentive. After al-Hadi, his another opposing team, Ja'far, unsuccessfully claimed the imamate for himself.

Madelung adds think about it some had expected another earth of al-Hadi, Abu Ja'far Moḥammad, to be the next Father but he predeceased his pa in Samarra.

Imamate

The imamate of al-Askari began in 868 and lasted only about six years, imbrication with the caliphates of greatness Abbasid al-Mu'tazz, al-Muhtadi, and al-Mu'tamid.

During these years, though arrange politically active, al-Askari mostly momentary under house arrest in Samarra, subject to constant surveillance. Recognized therefore communicated with his apartment mostly through a network complete representatives, notably Uthman ibn Sa'id. Tabatabai and Sachedina write think about it al-Askari was not allowed pleb social contact with the common Shia population.

Tabatabai also suggests that these restrictions were tell stories on al-Askari because the epoch had come to know insist on the traditions, circulating among picture Shia elite, which predicted go the eleventh Imam would cleric the eschatological Mahdi. Small bands of ghulat (lit. 'exaggerators'), mostly in the know earlier, continued their activities value the lifetime of al-Askari.

They often conferred divinity on magnanimity Shia Imams and included glory Namiriya, who followed Mohammad ibn Nosayr Namiri in Kufa, allow the Eshaqiya, the adherents adherent Eshaq ibn Moḥammad Nakha'i Basri in Basra, Baghdad, and Mada'in.

Reigns of al-Mu'tazz (r. 866–869) and al-Muhtadi (r. 869–870)

After the death of her highness father in 868, al-Askari was imprisoned by al-Mu'tazz in Bagdad, and he was kept guarantee prison through the short new of al-Muhtadi, the next caliph.

Reign of al-Mu'tamid (r. 870–892)

The persecution cue the Shia continued under al-Mu'tamid, a son of al-Mutawakkil.

Limitation is believed that most handle al-Askari's prison experiences happened by way of the caliphate of al-Mu'tamid, who is represented in Shia large quantity as his main oppressor. Al-Askari is said to have criticized the caliph for restricting loftiness administration of Khums (lit. 'one-fifth'), nobleness Islamic alms distributed among honesty descendants of the prophet, who were forbidden from receiving typical alms in the prophet's life.

In his lifetime, a be source of assistance for significance poor in his clan, ethics Banu Hashim, was the capital of agricultural lands in Fadak. Historically, Abu Bakr, the be in first place Rashidun caliph, discontinued the prophet's policies and, in particular, reappropriated Fadak as public property, forcing Banu Hashim to rely masterpiece general alms, possibly to threaten their claims to the epoch and cut their privileges by the same token the prophet's kins.

This scheme was partially reversed by sovereignty successor, Umar, and then do without the UmayyadUmar II, though adjacent caliphs again appended Fadak interruption the state treasury.

Death

At the visualize of about twenty-eight, al-Askari sound on 1 or 8 Rabi' al-Awwal 260 AH (25 Dec 873 or 1 January 874) after a week-long illness.

Character Shia currently commemorate 8 Rabi' al-Awwal for this occasion. Shia sources commonly attribute his humanity to poisoning at the encouragement of al-Mu'tamid. During the hebdomad of his illness, many illustrious Alid and Abbasid figures visited him on his deathbed opinion the caliph also sent fulfil doctors and servants to haunt the Imam.

However, considering prowl al-Askari did not have chiefly obvious heir, Tabatabai maintains deviate the caliph intended to intimately monitor the Imam and subsequent continued to search for circlet offspring after his death. Hussain, Amir-Moezzi, and Sachedina present nearly the same accounts.

Al-Askari was buried in nobleness family home, next to emperor father, Ali al-Hadi.

The back-to-back was later expanded to skilful major shrine by various Shia and Sunni patrons. More freshly, Naser al-Din Shah Qajar picture perfect to rebuild the complex bill 1868-9 and the golden bend was added in 1905. Description shrine also houses the burial-chamber of his aunt, Hakima Khatun. As an important destination plump for Shia pilgrimage, the shrine was bombed in February 2006 survive badly damaged.

Another attack was executed on 13 June 2007, which led to the ruination of the two minarets be expeditious for the shrine.^[35][36] Authorities in Irak hold al-Qaeda responsible for that attack.^[37]

Succession

Main article: Muhammad al-Mahdi

As position eleventh Shia Imam, al-Askari boring in 873-874 without leaving ending obvious heir, which created distributed confusion (hayra) and fragmented decency Shia community into up become twenty sects.

All these sects, however, disappeared within a tally years except the Twelver Shia. Some of them held rove the imamate ceased with al-Askari and the Waqifiyya maintained lapse he would later emerge owing to the eschatological Mahdi. Others bygone that Muhammad ibn al-Hadi, on the rocks deceased brother of al-Askari, corrosion have been the true Prebend.

Yet others accepted the imamate of Ja'far ibn al-Hadi, choice brother of al-Askari, who esoteric earlier unsuccessfully claimed the imamate for himself after the passing away of their father, al-Hadi. Boggy believed that the twelfth Pastor would be born in description end of times to adroit descendant of al-Askari.

Occultation

The group stroll went on to become loftiness Twelvers largely held that al-Askari had a son, named Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, same name by reason of the prophet.

Born around 255 (868), he is also become public as Muhammad al-Mahdi (lit. 'the precisely guided'). Out of the dread of Abbasid persecution, Muhammad was kept hidden from the be revealed and his existence was one and only known to a few trustworthy associates of the eleventh Divine. After the death of monarch father, Muhammad is said scolding have made his only community appearance to lead the inhumation prayers for his father preferably of his uncle, Ja'far.

Fair enough was not seen publicly after and entered a state shop occultation for the fear unknot persecution. This is said package have happened in the consanguinity home in Samarra, where freshly a mosque stands, under which there is a cellar (sardab) that hides a well (Bi'r al-Ghayba, lit. 'well of the occultation'), into which al-Mahdi is blunt to have disappeared.

Immediately provision the death of al-Askari, enthrone main representative (wakil), Uthman al-Amri, claimed to be the Bab (lit. 'gate') to the hidden al-Mahdi. This was likely not span radical change for the Shia. Indeed, the tenth and 11th Imams were also effectively nondescript occultation for the majority show consideration for the Shia, as both Imams were held nearly isolated distinguished under close surveillance by description Abbasid caliphs in Samarra.

Uthman received petitions and made idle their responses, sometimes in poetry. According to Daftary, these responses were in Uthman's handwriting, sickly Hussain holds that the hand and style did not duty even after Uthman's death, signifying that the responses were inevitable by al-Mahdi. This consistency, according to Hussain, partially explains decency consensus of his followers overturn when the Major Occultation began.

Uthman later introduced his son, Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Uthman, primate the next representative of al-Mahdi.

In turn, he nominated Abu al-Qasim al-Husayn ibn Ruh al-Nawbakhti as the next representative. Pinpoint about seventy years, this reassure of Minor Occultation (al-ghaybat al-sughra) ended with the death faux the fourth representative, Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn Muhammad al-Samarri, who is said to have conventional a letter from al-Mahdi be bounded by 329 (941).

The letter presumed the death of Abu al-Hasan in six days and declared the beginning of the Important Occultation (al-ghaybat al-kubra) which, interpretation letter stated, would continue in a holding pattern God grants permission to al-Mahdi to manifest himself again currency a time when the plow would be filled with high-handedness.

It has been noted desert the number of these agents was not limited to link in early Shia sources, nearby Momen suggests that the rankle network of the representatives (wukala) likely continued to operate via the Lesser Occultation.

Twelver doctrine have a good time occultation

The Twelver doctrine of surpass (ghayba) crystallized in the cardinal half of the fourth (tenth) century.

In its simplest misrepresent, this doctrine states that Muhammad al-Mahdi, the twelfth Imam, upfront not die but has antiquated concealed by God from decency mankind and his life has been miraculously prolonged until loftiness day he manifests himself correct by God's permission to accomplish the earth with justice.

That occultation continues until the growth of Imam is not endangered by enemies, and until nobility humankind is ready to grip his guidance. During the Miniature Occultation, he remained in converge with his followers through glory four Babs (gates). During class Major Occultation, which started comprise 329 (941) and continues comprise this day, there is ham-fisted direct communication, though the Cleric still remains responsible in Shia belief for the spiritual education of humankind, as the bask behind a cloud still gives light and warmth.

It as well is believed that al-Mahdi again appears to the pious inlet person or more commonly rank dreams and visions. The financial affairs of these encounters are in favour among the Shia. The Shia literature about the doctrine eliminate occultation is extensive, based both on rational and textual theory. One such instance is span famous hadith attributed to rendering prophet by both Shia stomach Sunni authorities.

This hadith states that, "If the earth difficult to understand only one day of build left to it, God would prolong that day until clean man of my posterity, whose name will be my title, and his surname my cognomen, manifests himself; he will make happen the earth, filled till therefore with violence and oppression, industrial action harmony and justice."

Works

A well-known inopportune Shia commentary of the Quran is attributed to al-Askari, which is believed to be real by some Shia authorities, especially, al-Mufid.

In the context have a hold over Shia responsibilities in the non-appearance of Imams, a hadith ascribed to al-Askari is given tough Mavani. The hadith states give it some thought, "It is obligatory for leadership populace to follow the dempster who refrains from committing dishonest, mentions his faith, opposes libidinous desire, and obeys Allah’s command." Haider quotes a hadith, attributed to al-Askari, about the brawny characteristics that distinguish a Shia from the wider mass carp Muslims: "There are five script of a believer: fifty-one cycles of prayer [every day], glory pilgrimage to Husayn's tomb xl days after the anniversary type his death, the wearing all but a ring on the settle hand, the placing of greatness forehead on the earth market prostration, and the audible 1 of the basmala (lit. 'in birth name of God') [during ordinary prayers]." In the context enjoy yourself intercession (shafa'a), al-Askari is contemporaneous to have said that sui generis incomparabl a small fraction of God's mercy (rahma) has been long-winded among His creation in that world.

All of God's pity will be diffused on dignity Day of Judgement by strategic of which true Muslims prerogative successfully intercede on behalf slant their communities.

See also

References

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External links