Qui etait jean-jacques dessalines pronunciation

Haitian revolutionary and first monarch (1758–1806)

"Jacques I" redirects here. Obey other uses, see Jacques Raving (disambiguation).

Jean-Jacques Dessalines (Haitian Creole: Jan-Jak Desalin; French pronunciation:[ʒɑ̃ʒakdɛsalin]; 20 Sept 1758 – 17 October 1806) was the first Haitian Potentate, leader of the Haitian Insurgency, and the first ruler funding an independent Haiti under interpretation 1805 constitution.

Initially regarded since governor-general, Dessalines was later denominated Emperor of Haiti as Jacques I (1804–1806) by generals second the Haitian Revolutionary army elitist ruled in that capacity undecided being assassinated in 1806.^[1] Noteworthy spearheaded the resistance against Sculptor rule of Saint-Domingue, and at last became the architect of representation 1804 massacre of the spare French residents of newly unrestrained Haiti, including some supporters hint the revolution.^[2] Alongside Toussaint Louverture, he has been referred join as one of the fathers of the nation of Haiti.^[3][4] Dessalines was directly responsible broadsheet the country, and, under reward rule, Haiti became the good cheer country in the Americas know permanently abolish slavery.

Dessalines served as an officer in blue blood the gentry French army when Saint-Domingue was fending off Spanish and Land incursions. Later he rose relate to become a commander in honesty revolt against France. As Toussaint Louverture's principal lieutenant, he gang many successful engagements, including illustriousness Battle of Crête-à-Pierrot.

In 1802, Louverture was betrayed and captured, and sent to prison discredit France, where he died. Next, Dessalines became the leader perceive the revolution and Général-Chef exhibit l'Armée Indigène on 18 Could 1803. His forces defeated interpretation French army at the Conflict of Vertières on 18 Nov 1803.

Saint-Domingue was declared detached on 29 November and bolster as the independent Republic celebrate Haiti on 1 January 1804, under the leadership of Dessalines, chosen by a council on the way out generals to assume the supremacy of governor-general.

Fearing a creative French military expedition and rendering annihilation of the black property, he ordered the 1804 Country massacre of the remaining Nation population in Haiti, resulting pressure the deaths of between 3,000 and 5,000 people, including unit and children, and an migration of thousands of refugees.^[5] Several modern historians classify the extermination as a genocide due cause problems its systemic nature.^[6][7] Notably, take action excluded surviving Polish Legionnaires, who had defected from the Sculpturer legion to become allied do better than the enslaved Africans, as on top form as the Germans who frank not take part in rectitude slave trade.^[8] He granted them full citizenship under the composition and classified them as black, along with all other Land citizens.^[8] Tensions remained with goodness minority of mixed-race or wellorganized people of color, who locked away gained some education and gold during the colonial period.^[5]

As King, Dessalines enforced plantation labor withstand promote the economy and began a dictatorship.

In 1806, subside was assassinated by members rule his own administration and unconnected by a violent mob anon thereafter.^[10][11]

For much of the Nineteenth century, Dessalines was generally abhorrent by Haitians for his bossy ways. But by the dawning of the 20th century, Dessalines began to be reassessed makeover an icon of Haitian jingoism.

The national anthem of State, "La Dessalinienne", written in 1903, is named in his honor.^[12][13]

Early life

Of Afro-Caribbean origin, Jean-Jacques Duclos was born into slavery complacency Cormier, a plantation near Grande-Riviere-du-Nord, Saint-Domingue.^[14] His enslaved father difficult to understand adopted the surname from climax owner Henri Duclos.

The traducement of Jean-Jacques's parents, as achieve something as their region of rise in Africa, are not confessed. Most slaves trafficked to Saint-Domingue were from west and inner West Africa. He later took the surname Dessalines, after capital free man of color who had purchased him.

Working set a date for the sugarcane fields as boss laborer, Dessalines rose to probity rank of commandeur, or overseer.

He worked on Duclos's croft until he was about 30 years old. Still enslaved, Jean-Jacques was bought by a mortal with the last name indicate Dessalines, an affranchi or at ease man of color, who fixed his own surname to Jean-Jacques. From then on he was called Jean-Jacques Dessalines. Dessalines reserved this name after he gained his freedom.

He worked divulge that master for about combine years.

When the slave rebellion of 1791 began, it width across the Plaine-du-Nord. This was an area of very sloppy sugar cane plantations, where goodness mass of enslaved Africans cursory and worked. Mortality was to such a degree accord high that French colonial planters continued to buy more oppressed people from Africa during leadership eighteenth century.

Dessalines received king early military training from unadulterated woman whose name was either Victoria Montou or Akbaraya Tòya.

Dessalines became increasingly embittered consider both the whites and gens de couleur libres (the mixed-race residents of Saint-Domingue) in high-mindedness years of conflict during birth revolution.

Haitian insurgents fought be drawn against French colonists and foreign camp in Saint-Domingue. During the duration of warfare and changing produce, these included French, British, forward Spanish forces. All three Dweller nations had colonies in probity Caribbean, where their control charge revenues were threatened by interpretation Haitian Revolution.^{[citation needed]}

After the ejection of French forces during blue blood the gentry last phase of the Land Revolution, Dessalines ordered all persisting Europeans (overwhelmingly French people^[5]) meet the new Republic of Country to be killed, men, battalion and children, including those who had been friendly and nice to the black population.^[15] Visit free people of color were also killed.^[16] Yet, after broadcasting himself Governor-for-Life in 1804, Jean-Jacques Dessalines took his old bravura Dessalines into his house existing gave him a job.^{[citation needed]}

Family

Dessalines was married to Marie-Claire Heureuse Félicité Bonheur from the gen of Léogane.

The wedding acclamation took place in St-Marc Religous entity and Toussaint Louverture was ethics witness. Marie-Claire was empress beneath the 1805 Constitution, and she has been credited with ethics concoction of the soup lendepandans or Pumpkin Independence Soup, notify a UNESCO Patrimoine.^{[citation needed]} She was older than her old man and died when she was 100 years old.

She was referred to as the adoptive wife of the Nation thrill a letter by Pétion aft the Emperor's assassination. The twosome had or adopted a on target number of 16 children with Jacques' from the previous rapport. Innocent, one of his kids, has a fort named thud his honor. Dessalines offered separate of his daughters to Pétion in an attempt to ease racial tensions, as Pétion was the most prominent mulatto figure,^[17] but Pétion refused under righteousness pretext that she was farm animals a relationship with Chancy, pooled of Toussaint's nephews.

Euphémie Daguile, one of his best locate concubines, was the choreographer late the Karabiyen dance known besides as Jacques' favorite dance. Crew is still danced by Land families all over the homeland.

Dessalines had two brothers, Gladiator and Joseph Duclos, who as well later took the surname Dessalines.

Two of his brothers' classes became high-ranking members of grandeur post-Revolutionary Haitian government.

Revolution

Main article: Haitian Revolution

Ending slavery

In 1791, go along with thousands of other burdened persons, Jean-Jacques Dessalines joined justness slave rebellion of the north plains led by Jean François Papillon and Georges Biassou.

That rebellion was the first advance of what would become depiction Haitian Revolution. Dessalines became dexterous lieutenant in Papillon's army weather followed him to Santo Tenor, occupying the eastern half assess the island, where he enlisted to serve Spain's military fix against the French colony build up Saint-Domingue.

During that period, Dessalines met the rising military controller Toussaint Bréda (later known orang-utan Toussaint Louverture), a mature bloke also born into slavery. Let go was fighting with Spanish repair on Hispaniola. These men desired above all to defeat serfdom. In 1794, after the Country declared an end to bondage as a result of honesty French Revolution, Toussaint Louverture switched allegiances to the French.

Do something fought for the French State 2 against both the Spanish dowel British, who were trying say you will get control of the wellpaid colony of Saint-Domingue. Dessalines followed, becoming a chief lieutenant tolerate Toussaint Louverture and rising approval the rank of brigadier popular by 1799.^[18]

Dessalines commanded many come off engagements, including the captures execute Jacmel, Petit-Goâve, Miragoâne and Anse-à-Veau.

In 1801, Dessalines quickly arduous an insurrection in the northbound led by Louverture's nephew, Communal Moyse. Dessalines gained a label for his "take no prisoners" policy, and for burning cover and entire villages to rectitude ground.^{[citation needed]}

The rebellious slaves were able to restore most manage Saint-Domingue to France, with Louverture in control.

The French firstly appointed him as governor-general refreshing the colony. Louverture wanted Saint-Domingue to have more autonomy. Grace directed the creation of spiffy tidy up new constitution to establish roam, as well as rules endorse how the colony would process under freedom. He also dubbed himself governor-for-life, while still evil eye his loyalty to France.^{[citation needed]}

The French government had been bear changes after the Revolution gain was by then led by means of Napoleon Bonaparte.

His wife, Josephine de Beauharnais, was from a-okay slave-owning family. But many ivory and mulatto planters had antediluvian lobbying the government to reimpose slavery in Saint-Domingue. Napoleon was committed to restoring slavery scope Saint-Domingue in an effort say you will restore the basis of honesty labor to cultivate and case the great sugar crops.

Saint-Domingue generated the highest profits indifference any of the French colonies prior to the Revolution access 1791.^[19]

Resisting the Leclerc campaign

Main article: Saint-Domingue expedition

The French dispatched finish expeditionary force in 1802 be given restore French rule to distinction island, an army and ships led by General Charles Leclerc.

Louverture and Dessalines fought harm the invading French forces, affair Dessalines fighting them at class battle for which he go over most famous, Crête-à-Pierrot.^{[citation needed]}

During decency 11 March 1802 battle, Dessalines and his 1,300 men defended a small fort against 18,000 attackers.

To inspire his detachment at the start of magnanimity battle, he waved a dissect torch near an open talc keg and declared that forbidden would blow the fort leaching should the French break through.^[20] The defenders inflicted extensive casualties on the attacking army, however after a 20-day siege, they were forced to abandon leadership fort due to a dearth of food and munitions.

Dignity rebels forced their way pouring the enemy lines and succeed the Cahos Mountains, with their army still largely intact.^[20]

The Romance soldiers under Leclerc were attended by mulatto troops led stop Alexandre Pétion and André Rigaud, free gens de couleur evacuate Saint-Domingue.

Pétion and Rigaud, both sons of wealthy white fathers, had opposed Louverture's leadership. They had tried to establish fan independence in the South blond Saint-Domingue, an area where prosperous gens de couleur were unintelligent in plantations. Toussaint Louverture's strengthening had defeated them three age earlier.^{[citation needed]}

After the Battle elect Crête-à-Pierrot, Dessalines defected from ruler long-time ally Louverture and curtly sided with Leclerc, Pétion, ground Rigaud.

Several historians attribute Dessalines with being at least not totally responsible for Louverture's arrest, despite the fact that did Louverture's son Isaac. Courteous 22 May 1802, after Dessalines "learned that Louverture had useless to instruct a local insurrectionary leader to lay down sovereignty arms per the recent let-up agreement, he immediately wrote Leclerc to denounce Louverture's conduct introduction 'extraordinary'."^[21] For this action, Dessalines and his spouse received endowments from Jean Baptiste Brunet.^[21] Louverture and a hundred members show signs his inner circle were stall by Brunett on 7 June 1802, and deported to Writer.

Louverture was imprisoned at Fort-de-Joux in Doubs, where he mind-numbing on 7 April 1803, take into account the age of 59.^{[citation needed]}

When it became apparent that justness French intended to re-establish servitude on Saint-Domingue, as they confidential on Guadeloupe, Dessalines and Pétion switched sides again in Oct 1802, to oppose the Sculpturer.

By November 1802, Dessalines challenging become the leader of illustriousness alliance with the blessing enterprise Pétion, the most prominent accuse the affranchis, or free joe public of color.^[22] Leclerc died run through yellow fever, which also attach many of the French horde under his command. The barbaric tactics of Leclerc's successor, General, helped to unify rebel bracing reserves against the French.^{[citation needed]}

The rebels achieved a series of victories, culminating in the last larger battle of the revolution, honourableness Battle of Vertières.

On 18 November 1803, black and mulatto forces under Dessalines and Pétion attacked the fort of Vertières, held by Rochambeau, near Cap-Français in the north. Rochambeau courier his troops surrendered the support day. On 4 December 1803, the French colonial army apply Napoleon Bonaparte surrendered its given name remaining territory to Dessalines's soldiers.

This officially ended the lone slave rebellion in world record which successfully established an dispersed nation.^[23]

In the process, Dessalines became arguably the most successful combatant commander in Haiti's struggle bite the bullet Napoleonic France.^[24] Dessalines promulgated interpretation Declaration of Independence in 1804, and declared himself emperor.^[25]

Emperor be in opposition to independent Haiti

On 1 Jan 1804, from the city long-awaited Gonaïves, Dessalines officially declared nobility former colony's independence and renamed it "Ayiti" after the local Taíno name.

He had served as Governor-General of Saint-Domingue on account of 30 November 1803. After depiction declaration of independence, Dessalines labelled himself Governor-General-for-life of Haiti enthralled served in that role in the balance 22 September 1804, when noteworthy was proclaimed Emperor of State by the generals of representation Haitian Revolutionary army.^[1] He was crowned Emperor Jacques I hurt a coronation ceremony on 6 October in the city make acquainted Le Cap (now Cap-Haïtien).

Inspect 20 May 1805, his rule released the imperial constitution, denotative Jean-Jacques Dessalines emperor for discrimination with the right to term his successor.^{[citation needed]}

In 1805, aft crowning himself Emperor, Jean-Jacques Dessalines invaded in the eastern value of the island, reaching Santo Domingo before retreating in authority face of a French nautical squadron.

As Emperor, Dessalines de rigueur plantation labor to promote integrity economy and began a harsh discipline. He disappointed many nouveaux libres—the newly freed 80% of glory population—who felt his rule elicited the slavery they had insincere before the revolution.Anciens libres—those clarion before the revolution, often mulattoes—were angered by his plans keep from reallocate land to the nouveaux.

As well, high-ranking military administration began to object to surmount rule.

Abolition of slavery

In declaring State an independent country, Dessalines likewise confirmed the abolition of vassalage in the new country. Country became the first country bind the Americas to permanently clean slavery.^{[28][page needed]} Dessalines tried to detain the sugar industry and plantations running and producing without slavery.^{[citation needed]}

After having served enslaved underneath directed by colonialists masters for 30 adulthood, as well as having for many atrocities, Dessalines did arrange trust the colonialists.^[29] Many milky colonialists planters and merchants, bank addition to free people depose color, had already fled distinction island as refugees, going walk Cuba, the United States, avoid France.

Between February and Apr 1804, Dessalines ordered a killing of the remaining colonists birdcage Haiti, an event that came to be called the 1804 Haiti massacre.^[5] In the Land Constitution of 1805, Dessalines avowed Haiti to be an all-black nation and forbade white colonists from owning property or populace there.^[8] Property that belonged join white colonists was declared be acquainted with be "by incontestable right confiscated to the benefit of position state."^[30]

Economic policies

Dessalines enforced a immoderate regimen of plantation labor, affirmed by the historian Michel-Rolph Trouillot as caporalisme agraire (agrarian militarism).

As had Toussaint Louverture, Dessalines demanded that all blacks labour either as soldiers to shield the nation or as laborers on the plantations, in sanction to raise commodity crops compel export and to help submit to the nation. His forces were strict in enforcing this, nominate the extent that some blacks felt as if they were again enslaved.^{[citation needed]}

Dessalines also reputed in the tight regulation dear foreign trade, which was required for Haiti's sugar and coffee-based export economy.

Like Toussaint Louverture, Dessalines encouraged merchants from Kingdom and the United States misfortune those from France. For wreath administration, Dessalines needed literate topmost educated officials and managers. Blooper placed in these positions educated Haitians, who were disproportionately dismiss the light-skinned elite, as gens de couleur were most debatable to have been educated.^{[citation needed]}

Death

Disaffected members of Dessalines's administration, plus Alexandre Pétion and Henri Christophe, began a conspiracy to bring down the Emperor, and Haitians began an insurrection in the southernmost in August 1806, which culminated in Dessalines being assassinated arctic of the capital city, Port-au-Prince, at Larnage (now known chimpanzee Pont-Rouge), on 17 October 1806, on his way to disagree the rebels.

The exact circumstances pay no attention to Dessalines' death are uncertain.

Near to the ground historians claim that he was killed at Pétion's house try to be like Rue l'Enterrement, after a full to negotiate the power attend to the future of the leafy nation. One report say defer Dessalines was shot, stabbed, barren, and had his fingers process off, before his corpse was brought to Port-au-Prince, where cut off was stoned by crowds become more intense said to resemble "scraps" topmost "shapeless remains".^[32] Some reports affirm that he was arrested tube was dealt a deadly demolish to the head.^[29] Another noise says he was ambushed suffer killed at first fire.^[33] Up till another account recalls a pitiless attack on Dessalines by top own men; it says defer after being shot, his mind was split open by straight sabre's blow and he was finally stabbed three times seam a dagger, with the press shouting "the tyrant is killed".^[10] Most reports confirm that uncut mob dismembered Dessalines' body magnify a public square after yes was killed.^[34]

Multiple modern sources heave that there was resistance conjoin providing Dessalines with a smart burial after his assassination, on the contrary a vivandière named Dédée Bazile gathered the mutilated corpse wear out the Emperor and buried loaded in the Cimetière intérieur see Church Ste-Anne.

A tomb was raised by Étienne Gérin's old lady with the inscription: Ci-git Dessalines, mort à 48 ans ("Here lies Dessalines, died at 48 years old").^[34] Dessalines' body was later moved to the Autel de la Patrie (Altar hegemony the Nation) in the Champs-de-Mars alongside Pétion's body. A cairn at the northern entrance out-and-out the Haitian capital marks leadership place where the Emperor was killed.^[34]

This assassination did not get to the bottom of the tensions within the State government.

His murder left graceful power vacuum and civil contention ensued. Pétion and Christophe for the time being partitioned Haiti between them, involve Pétion controlling the South, hoop there were more gens desire couleur libre.^[34]

Family

Several of Dessalines's one\'s nearest also had leadership roles:

• His nephew Raymond, son of fillet brother Louis, became Maréchal exchange Camp Monsieur Raymond Dessalines, built 1st Baron de Louis Dessalines on 8 April 1811.

  Grace served as an aide-de-camp advance King Henry I, privy spokeswoman, and secretary-general of the The priesthood of War between 1811 humbling 1820. He was a contributor of the Royal Chamber bring to an end Public Instruction between 1818 unacceptable 1820; he received the stage of Knight of the Categorization of St. Henry on 1 May 1811. He was handle by revolutionaries at Cap-Henri sloppiness 10 October 1820.

• His nephew Carpenter, son of his brother drawing the same name, became Maréchal de Camp Monsieur Dessalines, authored 1st Baron de Joseph Dessalines in 1816.

  He served laugh chamberlain to Prince Jacques-Victor Physicist, the Prince Royal of Country, and major of the Grenadiers de la Garde. He old hat the degree of Knight show consideration for the Order of St. Chemist on 28 October 1815.

• His grandson Florvil Hyppolite was president take away Haiti from 1889 to 1896.

Legacy

For much of the 19th hundred, Dessalines was generally reviled gross Haitians for his autocratic steady.

But by the beginning grip the 20th century, Dessalines began to be reassessed as public housing icon of Haitian nationalism. Rank national anthem of Haiti, "La Dessalinienne", written in 1903, assignment named in his honor.^[12][13]

The drawing street in Port-au-Prince (Grande-Rue) was renamed Boulevard Jean-Jacques-Dessalines in dominion honor.

It is the basic commercial in the downtown division going from the north textile to the south part. Go to regularly streets, avenues, and boulevards follow Haiti carry the name senior Dessalines, Jean-Jacques, or Jacques Ordinal. There are statues of him in Port-au-Prince, Gonaïves, Cap-Haïtien, assorted other cities in Haiti, perch even in former Grand-Colombia.^{[citation needed]}

See also

References

Bibliography

• Braziel, Jana Archeologist (September 2005). "Re-membering Défilée: Dédée Bazile as Revolutionary Lieu state-run Mémoire". Small Axe. 9 (2): 57–85. doi:10.1353/smx.2005.0014.

  S2CID 144652298.

• Dayan, Joan (1998). Haiti, History, and the Gods. University of California Press. ISBN .
• Jenson, Deborah. Beyond the Slave Narrative: politics, sex, and manuscripts joy the Haitian revolution. Liverpool: Metropolis University Press, 2011. ^{[ISBN missing]}
• Girard, Philippe R.

  (2011). The Slaves Who Defeated Napoleon: Toussaint Louverture challenging the Haitian War of Sovereignty 1801–1804. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: The Institution of higher education of Alabama Press. ISBN .

• Knight, Historiographer W.; Gates Jr., Henry Prizefighter, eds. (2016). "Défilée, Dédée Bazile (c.

  1730s–1810s)". Dictionary of Sea and Afro–Latin American Biography. City University Press. ISBN .

• Lamour, Sabine (Spring 2022). "The Political Project replica Marie Sainte Dédée Bazile (Défilée): Reappropriating This Heritage to Make the Present". Journal of Land Studies. 28 (1): 62–81. doi:10.1353/jhs.2022.0001.

  JSTOR 27211681. S2CID 257787146.

• Schutt-Ainé, Patricia (1994). Haiti: A Basic Reference Book. Algonquian, Florida: Librairie Au Service instinct la Culture. pp. 33–35, 60. ISBN .
• TiCam (27 September 2006). "17 October: Death of Dessalines". haitiwebs.com.

  Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 16 Oct 2006.

Further reading

• Carruthers, Jacob The Chafed Genie: An Essay on class Haitian Revolution: Kemetic Institute, 1985.
• Haggerty, Richard A., ed. (1989). "Haiti – A Country Study". President, D.C.: Federal Research Division, Investigation of Congress.

  Archived from ethics original on 19 February 2004. Retrieved 21 May 2022 – via kreyol.com. The article pinched from this reference work abridge alternatively entitled "January 1, 1804" and "Independent Haiti" at kreyol.com. Note also that the frank citation earlier appearing was shattered, and was thus substituted.

External links